Pogrom je progon, zlostavljanje i / ili uništavanje rasnih, etničkih, vjerskih i drugih manjinskih skupina. Prvim pogromom u Europi smatra se onaj u Granadi.
Granada je glavni grad istoimene pokrajine u Andaluziji (južna Španjolska). U gradu su živjeli Židovi u vrijeme muslimanskih osvajanja Pirinejskog poluotoka. Dana 30. prosinca 1066. skupina muslimana nagrnula je na kraljevsku palaču i pribila na križ židovskog vladara Josepha ibn Naghrele. Slijedio je masakr većine židovskog stanovništva Granade. Ubijeno je oko 4000 osoba.
Rabin Abraham ibn Daud (1110. – 1180.) napisao je u povijesnom djelu Sefer ha-Kabbalah da je Joseph ibn Naghrela postao vrlo ohol, a velikaši berberske dinastije odlučili su riješiti ga se. Židovska se zajednica u Granadi polako oporavljala dok nije napadnuta ponovo 1090. godine. Prema nekim stručnjacima za povijest Pirenejskog poluotoka, ovaj je napad označio kraj Zlatnog doba Židova u Španjolskoj.
On 30 December 1066 (9 Tevet 4827), Muslim mobs stormed the royal palace where Joseph had sought refuge, then crucified him. In the ensuing massacre of the Jewish population, many of the Jews of Granada were murdered. The 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia claims, “More than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day.”[12] However, the 1971 edition does not give precise casualty figures,[13] while the Encyclopaedia Judaica confirms the figures : «According to a later testimony,[14] “more than 1,500 householders” were killed. »[15]
Joseph’s wife fled to Lucena with her son Azariah, where she was supported by the community. Azariah, however, died in early youth.
According to historian Bernard Lewis, the massacre is “usually ascribed to a reaction among the Muslim population against a powerful and ostentatious Jewish vizier.”[16]
Lewis writes:
Particularly instructive in this respect is an ancient anti-Jewish poem of Abu Ishaq, written in Granada in 1066. This poem, which is said to be instrumental in provoking the anti-Jewish outbreak of that year, contains these specific lines:
- Do not consider it a breach of faith to kill them, the breach of faith would be to let them carry on.
- They have violated our covenant with them, so how can you be held guilty against the violators?
- How can they have any pact when we are obscure and they are prominent?
- Now we are humble, beside them, as if we were wrong and they were right![17]
Lewis continues: “Diatribes such as Abu Ishaq’s and massacres such as that in Granada in 1066 are of rare occurrence in Islamic history.”[17]
The episode has been characterized as a pogrom. Walter Laqueur writes, “Jews could not as a rule attain public office (as usual there were exceptions), and there were occasional pogroms, such as in Granada in 1066.”[18]
Erika Spivakovsky questions the death rate, suspecting it to be an example of “the usual hyperbole in numerical estimates, with which history abounds.”
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